Child Labour in Malawi

Child Labour in Malawi Theories of child labour rely on the universal concept of a child and a set age limit of responsibility and working life, however in many developing countries this concept does not exist or cannot exist because of poverty and lack of education.. Work can also not be limited to paid employment, as many children often help out in domestic work at home, a phenomenon not limited to the developing world, as it can be seen in the responsibilities of children who are carers in the UK. So with the differences in the social aspects between the countries in the developed and developing worlds, can we apply the theories of development, modernisation and dependency to the concept of child labour in the Malawi province when it is a largely western construct- this paper will discuss child labour in relation to these theories and attempt to draw conclusions on the notion of child labour in a developing countries. A child according to UNCIEF is a person under the age of 18 years and the convention states that international law that state parties must maintain that all children benefit from special protection measures and assistance (www.unicief.org). It goes on to state that a child must have access to education and health care and must be knowledgeable about and contribute to the process of attaining their rights. Conversely, the notion of a child is a challenging one according to James et al, in their book Constructing and Reconstruction Childhood, the writers go on to state how childhood is a social construction, and has different forms in different societies. (Prout et al, 1967). This view is in contrast to that of the western notion of child that appears to adopt the blanket view of the child and one size fits all. Children globally should be protected and remain in the family unit until they reach the age of 18years. It does not however allow for different cultural approach, or whether a child contributes to the household due to poverty, or indeed the child needs to fund their education (Leonard, 2009). To define a child is a difficult and emotive issue, and definitions and norms surrounding childhood vary over time and place, and within developing societies the move from childhood to adulthood may not be based on age (Johnson, 2012). According to the University of Malawi Centre for Social Research child labour has existed in Malawi for a long time. It goes on to state that it part of the Malawian culture to have children assist their parents in the home, and it was not until the late 1890s that child labour formalised (University of Malawi). In developing countries such as Malawi children are integrated into the household economy at an early age, where according to the International Labour Orginastition where 93.7% of girls and 90% of boys between the ages of 5-14 are unpaid family workers. Paid labour is 3.8% for girls and 4.7% for boys, self-employed is 2.6% for girls and 5.3% for boys (www.ilo.org). In to Whites consortium the writer argues that cultural doctrine in relation to child work appears to be a more general issue when it is raised on the international level of debate. White goes on to say that ethical issues are raised, and he raises the question as to whether the rights of different cultures should be recognised when debating child labour (white, 1999). The discussion continues in Whites paper where globalisation is concerned and takes the form of international debates regarding taking the child labour subject across borders, cultures and political worlds (Kent, 1995: 80). This according to White results in a debate that will never be resolved (Alston, 1994: 16). White believes that with regard to universalism of which he states there are three; cultural relativism that cultures cannot be compared, resulting in according to White cultures that can only be understood in their own terms. The second is cultural relativism as an ethical and political belief, in that culture is immune from critism from outsiders. Whites third cultural relativism pertains to developed worlds view of developing world and how we need to learn and observe and not change (White, Ben. 1999). This would tie in with the notion that west is not always best where the majority countries are concerned. The western notion could be misunderstood an issue raised by Leonard when she notes that children work in many types of work in developing or majority world countries and its the minority that work in the production of goods for the global market (Leonard, 2009). The estimate of child work involved in family based work is 70% (ODonnell et al. 2002). Leonard also argues that targeting child labour will categorises all child work and has a negative effect on the economics of the child and their nation state (Leonard, 2009). This further the debate on Whites third cultural relativism and the need to learn and respect for different cultures and to understand what other cultures define as child work as opposed to child labour and how western notions are not the best way to future development (White, 1999). In the now developed countries of the world millions of children once worked in mines, mills agriculture and on the streets, often in similar conditions to that of todays developing world, but yet the developed countries took several generations to address the issue of child labour according to Hindman. (Hindmand, 2009). It is this western notion of childhood that is imposed on the now developing countries that are sometimes viewed as deviant or backward when they dont adapt the west is best approach to childhood. It is this western notion of development that Frank argues developing countries could never adopt as developed countries have never experienced colonialism. He goes on to argue that many countries such as China and India were quite advanced before they were colonised in the eighteenth century how a peripheral account of development for developing countries would be that the deviancy of developing countries cannot be explained feudalism of traditionalism ( Frank, 1967:1969). It is according to Frank past experience of colonialism and domination that have reversed the development of what he term advanced developing countries and forced them to become economically regressive, and he terms this the development of underdevelopment this he writes signifies as unnatural and was created by historical colonialism (Frank, 1967: 1969). Defining development according to storey, 2009 was for many years straightforward and was seen as equivalent to economic growth of which Gross National Product (GNP) was used as the main indicator and is used in determining the individual total or per capita. This equation is used to determine the development or under development of a country (Storey, 2009). Social scientists Walt Rostow developed the idea that growth consists of five stages in which developing countries moved from traditional society to an age of high mass consumption. But the concept of growth without development came into question in the 1960s and 1970s (Storey, 2009). It was not until 1990 that Human Development Index (HDI) was introduced to accurately measure whether people were better off in terms of health, freedom, education and other aspects of life that were not measured by Gross National Product (GDP). Human Development Index was an alternative to Gross National Product; it does not however include the cultural features that make up a society (Lopez, 2009). There have been critism of HDI no more so than Storey when he states how the Human Development Index is extremely motivated by Western notions (Sen. 1981). Developing countries according to Frank 1990 became a urbanised western areas that are drained of their natural resources. This was prevalent as a result of colonialism and according to Baran 1957 India was at the fore of development in the world in the eighteen century. Their economy was seen as comparatively progressive and their production was the best in the world (Baran, 1957). The policies forced onto India were to result in India becoming dutiful to Britain and resulting in India becoming dependant on Britain and moving backwards from a moderately progressive industrial nation to a regressive agricultural nation (Baran, 1957) According to Frank this was a dependency theory with regard to international capitalism, and resulted in the division of labour that was responsible for the underdevelopment of many countries. The division of labour is the reason for poverty and capitalism regards the division of labour as essential when it comes to the distribution of resources (Frank, 1967). In 1963 an agreement was reached between European Community and its former colonies to address the underdevelopment of the former colonies and to contribute to a equally useful trading scheme with a range of trading measures. But in 1986 the European Union repositioned itself with regard to global economic position. This was followed by the Maastricht Treaty (1992) saw policy changes to include the smooth and slow incorporation of developing countries world into the world economy, this saw the change in the method in which governments approached support and trading treaties, this according to Mc Cann lead to a more globalising focus on the type of help that developing countries would receive. Mc Cann believes that the EU has the capacity and the financial means to give more help to developing countries. But he notes that after 50 years after the first help from the EU under the Treaty of Rome, developing countries continue to experience social and economic marginalisation, and these further impacts on the poorest and most helpless in developing countries (Mc Cann, 2009). The overseas Development Institute briefing paper for 1973 state that the International Munirity Fund (IMF) has become more interested a better balance between supply-side and demand-management, and the progress of economic growth within the said nation. It goes on to say how the IMF insist on reforming info-structure to encourage growth in the economy and this results in cuts to education and hospital which impact directly on children who may as a result of these measures need to work to help their family or themselves (www.odi.org.uk). In an International Monetary Fund (IMF) working paper by de Carvalho Filho 2008, on Household Income Determinant on Income on Child Labour and School Enrolment. The discussion focuses on household income as a problem where child labour and school enrolment is concerned. This plays back to the need for children to work as opposed attending school. It goes on to note the importance of policies that will improve the human capital of poor children and cut inequality in developing countries (www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08241.pdf). The paper does not however focus on the determination of the IMF to ensure that the country seeking aid is required to restructure and to cut spending in order to get financial help from IMF in the first instance. According to Aide Internationale Pour Lenfance a nongovernmental organisation, the IMF contribute to child labour when they insist that countries severely indebted to them reduce their spending on education and healthcare increasing poverty and child labour www.aipe-cci.org/en/en-index.html . World Bank Global Child Labour Program was established in 2003 to research child poverty, and to actively address child labour within its lending and non-lending procedures. Another topic within this programme is for the World Bank Organisation to enable greater support between multilateral agencies (www.worldbank.org). In Malawi according to the World Bank Oginasation has a poverty level of 67.34% the WBO plans to transform Malawi form being an importing and consuming economy to a mainly manufacturing and exporting one (www.worldbank.org). Malawi gained its independence from colomlism in 1962, with a history of corruption and high interest loans it is according to an article in the economy watch dated 9th April 2010,one of the poorest countries in the world. It relays mainly on agriculture and its main crop it tobacco that employs a high percentage of children, and has been criticised by the International Labour Organisation for its use of child labour with some children as young as 11 years working sorting tobacco leave ( www.economywatch). . Tabaco growers are worried as the World Health Organisation Agreement on tobacco that will see governments move their economies away from tobacco growing, leaving the poorest vauranable and unsure of what crop they can grow to sell on the world market (www.bbcnew.co). Malawi gets significant financial aid from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank. The drive to reduce loans has led to server economic policies being implanted by the current government that has imposed severe hardship on the poorest of Malawi

Food Log Analysis Essay

5 day food analysis During the 5 day span I met the calorie requirement of 2850 in daily food intake due to my high activity level. I pretty much had a balanced diet in terms of having each food group represented in my daily intake. I plan on to keeping my muscle mass, so I pretty much had a diet plan before. But going through the calorie tracker in the website made me realize that I was eating too much junk food than intended. It really didn’t have any adverse on my physique due to my early mentioned level of activity but by cutting down on my junk food intake for the week I was recording this log I was able to enjoy good wholesome food, without spending a lot of money in college cafeteria. Not only was I able to do this I was able to feel the effect of having healthy food in my daily workouts. I was more energized to do work and felt the energy throughout the day. I did not need coffee or any other types of energy drink to keep me going through the day. I also was able to watch and track how much of what I was eating during this time period. I usually overeat on the food groups such as meat and fruits while skipping vegetable and grains that are needed for a balanced body. Now I made sure that everything was in proportion and also introduced new foods my daily routine. I plan on to implementing the above mentioned findings on to my diet from now on so that I could avoid the mistakes that I used to commit before.

Analysis Of Willy Loman And The American Dream - 1553 Words

In one of Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† written in 1949; it uncovers the betrayal of the American Dream. Willy Loman, one of the characters in â€Å"Death of a Salesman† who believes that finding success is very easy, but in reality’s he only finds his success in own imagination. In Act one of the play, Willy Loman stated â€Å"Bigger than Uncle Charley! Because Uncle Charley is not †¦ Liked. He’s Liked, but not well Liked (p21).† This quote expresses that being liked is not the key to success but rather being well liked is the path to success; in another word, personality is the key to everything, because he believes that the American Dream applies to everyone. Throughout the play, Willy Loman had been betrayed many times by the†¦show more content†¦In Willy’s mind, he believes that one day; after paying all his mortgage payments, him and Linda will live in a place full of promise, a place promise by t he American Dream. From this section, we can see how Willy’s house represents his hopes and expansion for the future, but all we can see is Willy starting from something to nothing; which is the opposite from the American Dream. Willy a hardworking 60-year-old salesman, who travels around selling unknown item. Willy salary all depends on his commission, which most of the time he doesn’t earn enough to support his family, he even had to borrow money from Charly and lie to his family that he earns it all by himself. Willy had many opportunities to change his career but he didn’t, because of a man name Dave Singleman. In a conversation between Willy and Howard, Willy asked Howard for a job that doesn’t required much traveling; due to his age, but Howard stated that there wasn’t any job at the moment that does not required traveling, Howard then ask Willy to quite has job and stay at home instead of working as a salesman. (WILLY) â€Å"†¦.And he was eighty-four years old, and he’d drummed merchandise in thirty-one states. And old Dave, he’d go up to his room, y’understand, put on his green velvet slippers — I’ll never forget — and pick up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving his room, at the age of eighty-four, he madeShow MoreRelatedWilly Loman And The American Dream Analysis1075 Words   |  5 PagesHappiness in the American Dream In Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Lomans pursuit of the American Dream is characterized by his selfishness, demonstrating how the American Dream can subtly turn into the American Nightmare. However, Willy’s role is quite important because he often led to failure through the creation of the American Dream and the real world. To fully understand the storyline of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, one must evaluate each member of the Loman family. TheRead MoreEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words   |  6 Pagesof American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in the later half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperity. The American Dream affects our view of Willy Loman asRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 Pagesto achieve the American dream as it relates to each character; both of which fail in drastic yet similar ways. The American dream has always been an important factor in many American’s lives as it is to Troy Maxson the protagonists of Fences and to Willy Loman the protagonist of Death of a Salesman. Willy Loman and Troy Maxson are both hardworking men of different cultural backgrounds, with striking similarities in the way they try to achieve and fail to achieve the American dream of their era andRead MoreThemes Of Death Of A Salesman1286 Words   |  6 Pagescentered on the events that take place at the end of Willy Loman’s life. From the opening act, we learn that Willy and his family struggle to behave as a united front when they face financial pressures and strained familial bond s. This causes Willy to become desperate for success and validation. Death of a Salesman has commonly been interpreted as an analysis of the American dream. Within the ideal American society, citizens believe that the American dream allows each individual an equal opportunity toRead MoreWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1218 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Should Willy Loman of Arthur Millers classic, Death of a Salesman be regarded as a tragic hero, or merely a working-class, socially inadequate failure? Described by Miller as a self-destructive, insecure anti-hero, it seems almost impossible for Loman to be what is known as a tragic hero in the classical sense, but with the inclusion of other factors he maybe a tragic hero, at least in the modernRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman 954 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis 1.Willy Loman. Although the main protagonist of the play, Willy Loman does not come to a certain self-realization. Searching and sifting through his memories (which cannot be completely taken as the truth as he reinvents them in a way to make them out as a golden era) he fails to recognize his slanted reality he’s lived in made up of his delusions. His forged relationship with his son Biff, is based solely off Willy’s hopes that he will fulfill the ‘American Dream’, whileRead More Modern Tragic Hero Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesplays, features the life of Willy Loman, a delusional salesman with a grandiose plan to live the American dream. As a result to the tragic events of Willy Loman’s life starting with his father’s abandonment, and ending with his suicide, Willy Loman never lives the life he has always dreamed. Although, arguably discredited as a tragic hero, Willy Loman attains the qualities essential to credit him as a tragic hero of modern tim es. Whether or not Willy Loman is a tragic hero in DeathRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By F. Scott Fitzgerald1515 Words   |  7 Pageslaw of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.† In the play Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller, the protagonist Willy Loman is depicted as a man who has failed in life; he spent most of his life reminiscing the past. This affected his life greatly, especially his relationship with his son, Biff Loman. Nevertheless, in the novel, The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, the protagonist, Jay Gatsby undergoes a major change in life; he goes from beingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Symbolism Analysis1145 Words   |  5 Pagesitems have over the Loman family. One reoccurring symbol throughout the story was the silk stockings. The silk stockings are representative of Willys Shame, guilt, and infidelities. Throughout the story, Willy scolds Linda for mending her stockings. Willy says, â€Å"What’s that?† Linda replies, â€Å"Just mending my stockings. They’re so expensive.† In an angry tone, Willy then says,â€Å"I won’t have you mending stocking in this house! Now throw them out!† (1445). In the critical analysis â€Å"Family Values in DeathRead MoreAmerican Dream Derailed in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe American dream originated when immigrants came to America searching for new opportunities and a better life. In the early 1900’s all people could do is dream; however, those dreams gave many different meanings to the phrase â€Å"American dream†, and for the most part, wealth and hard work play a very large role in the pursuit of â€Å"the d ream†. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, and Arthur Miller’s drama, Death of a Salesman, both protagonists, Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, are convinced

Sleeping Problems Of Children And Children - 1592 Words

Yuchen Shang Engl 101 academic writing Dr. Chism Sleeping Problems in Children If you ask all the parents in the world about the cutest moment of their baby, the most common answers should be while the baby is sleeping. However, young children may demonstrate a variety of difficulties related to sleep. Millions of parent’s sleeping schedule are disordered by those lovely little nightmares. In this Inquiry essay, I have chosen to write about that what may cause sleeping problems on infants that also affect the parents. In the meantime, I will introduce common methods that parents are using to solve children’s sleeping problems nowadays, especially one of the most famous sleeping training method invented by Dr. Richard Ferber and how†¦show more content†¦There are serious health problems caused by sleep deprivation (Perillo, 1994). In children and young adults, hormones which trigger and support growth are released during sleep. These hormones help strengthen our muscles as well as repairing our tissue cells. When one is deprived of sleep, especially kids, their brain stops functioning. This affects their emotional state and abilities. Severe chronic deprivation can interfere with children’s balance. Sleep deprivation also causes production of hormones that causes stress to humans, similarly, sleep deprivation lowers hormone called leptin. This can affect your appetite and general taste for food. Deprivation of sleep also lowers our immune system which can make us vulnerable to respiratory problems as well as worsen lung conditions. It therefore advised to have enough sleep in order to maintain body and shape as well emotions imbalances. Thus, treating sleep problems may have the added benefit of reducing other behavior problems and improving school performance. In addition, child sleep problems may cause problems for parents that lead to marital difficulties, and may be a risk factor for abuse (Kerr Jowett, 1994). Studies show that couples having problems in their marriages may have babies who are affected w ith sleeping disorders. It is further elaborated that marital problems when the baby was nine months impacted on sleeping problems when theShow MoreRelatedWhat Can Families Help A Family Member With A Sleeping Disorder?1285 Words   |  6 PagesMy research question is: What can families do to help a family member with a sleeping disorder? I became interested in learning about sleeping disorders about two years ago when my step father was diagnosed with a sleeping disorder (sleep apnea). I wanted to know more about what exactly a sleeping disorder was and treatments a person needed to care for a sleeping disorder. Before we discovered my step-father had a sleeping disorder we noticed he slept all day struggled staying awake. Some days heRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Sleep Disorders1403 Words   |  6 Pages Children that have trouble getting to sleep at night can suffer greatly in many areas due to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can also lead to a weaker immune system due to lack of bodily rest. This could also slow down brain growth due to it being active too often. The best way to help the child is to first realize what the main cause of the problem is and seek professional help for that specific disorder. Having a schedule for night time and keeping it consistent could possibly help aid inRead More The Impo rtance of Nutrition and Sleeping Habits In The Classroom913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Nutrition and Sleeping Habits In The Classroom Having good nutrition and sleeping habits is very important for education. It is important for children and adolescents to perform well in the classroom so that they get the most out of their education. Having poor sleeping habits or poor eating habits can have many harmful effects on a child’s classroom performance. If children have good eating habits as well as good sleeping habits they will perform better and be able to liveRead MoreEssay On Parents Who Are Affected By Their Children Health1277 Words   |  6 PagesParents are not born knowing how to be parents which can be challenging even more so if the child is developmentally disabled. Children can bring positive and negative challenges which can influence the way parents manage their daily life’s. According to research, parent’s do find it overwhelming to raise a disabled child because it can increase chances of health problems on them (Hodge, D., Hoffman, C., Sweeney, D., Riggs, M., 2013). Especial ly, mothers can be more affected by their child’s disabilityRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Insomnia888 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough it is common for adults to suffer from insomnia, there are also many children who do as well, even though, in many cases, it is not yet diagnosed . There are many factors that can lead to a child developing insomnia. Just as any human being goes through life constantly developing, so does insomnia. While most people do not understand that they can be diagnosed at any age, they see the daily symptoms happening all around them. Because insomnia can be difficult to diagnose, and the testsRead MoreBehavioral Interventions Designed Reduce Sleep Difficulties1722 Words   |  7 Pagesto investigate behavioral interventions designed to reduce sleep difficulties in a child. Positive bedtime routines and sleep restriction were successful in eliminating bedtime disturbances and nighttime awakenings in a five-year-old child sleeping problems. Posi tive bedtime routines included activities such as brushing teeth, taking a bath, picking out pajamas, and reading a story. Sleep restriction involved reducing the number of hours the child slept. While maintaining a consistent bedtimeRead MoreCultural Analysis Of Sleeping Beauty By Charles Perrault892 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Cultural Analysis of Sleeping Beauty The story of Sleeping Beauty is told in many different forms and is most famous from Walt Disney’s Sleeping Beauty. For example, the fairytale â€Å"The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood† by Charles Perrault is quite different than Disney s version. This fairytale should be researched because it has an interesting historical background and it is still culturally relevant to this day. The three main points that will be discussed about Sleeping Beauty in this paper isRead MoreSleep Deprivation, Nightmares, And Sleepwalking976 Words   |  4 PagesNight Terrors, Nightmares, and Sleepwalking At night, you lock the house down, tuck the kids into bed, clean your home, and you might even finish some last minute work. I bet you never thought about the things that can happen at night. As we kiss our children goodnight, our favorite line is â€Å"Goodnight, sleep tight, don’t let the bedbugs bite†. You never thought about your son sleepwalking through the night or even your daughter screaming out her sleep. What about your twins, who are both, having nightmaresRead MoreReflection On Separation Anxiety Disorder1315 Words   |  6 Pagesbe exciting for many children, but can also be the scariest moment of a young child’s life. During such moments, a child may fear that their parent or guardian is leaving them for good and cause anxiety in the child. The anxiety starts to develop as the child is continually separated from their loved ones and thus develops into separation anxiety. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD), as defined by Christopher A. Kearney in the article Separation Anxiety Disorder in Young Children, refers to developmentallyRead MoreNight Terrors And Sleep Nightmares1290 Words   |  6 Pageswant answered by a doctor, psychologist or therapist. Unfortunately, they won t receive many answers Night terrors also known as sleep terrors can be defined as a â€Å"sleeping disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified† (Meyers, 2014). Night terrors most commonly occur with children. Many people in general not just parents get confused between a nightmare and a night terror. Nightmares occur during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep which is a state of sleep where

To what extent does the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)...

Introduction It was previously assumed that economic investors and regulators (agents) utilised all available information and thus market prices were a reflection of this information with assets representing their fundamental value, encouraging the position that agents’ actions were rational. The 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) is posited to have originated from the notion that all available information was utilised, causing agents to fail to thoroughly investigate and confirm â€Å"the true values of publicly traded securities,† leading to a failure to register the presence of an asset price bubble preceding the GFC (Ball 2009). This essay will use the notions of EMH to determine the extent to which they can explain the Global†¦show more content†¦This argument becomes redundant when we consider that investors did know that asset prices were wrong because the favoured strategies of trading desks and proprietary portfolios were primarily founded on market mispricing, hence this can be seen as the cause of huge losses in 2007-2008. In this financial crisis, it was the knowledge and recognition of mispricing that were a probable cause of the GFC as agents were prepared to bid up the price of assets and allow subprime mortgages to continue to be traded even although common sense would suggest that 100% finance to subprime candidates was destined for failure and would burst the asset bubble as US mortgage defaults increased alongside foreclosures. Further to the argument that agents were ignorant of and failed to engage with new information, the formation of asset price bubbles has been offered as a cause for the GFC. Ball argues that it is inherently difficult to recognise the presence of an asset price bubble until after the event has affected the market and even by recognising that prices did not accurately reflect true value, this could never have indicated a nearing price bubble burst to investors because EMH suggested that all then available information wasShow MoreRelatedEfficient Market Hypothesis Vs Behavioural Finance1747 Words   |  7 PagesEfficient Market Hypothesis v’s Behavioural Finance An efficient market is one in which share prices quickly and fully reflect all available information, where investors are rational, and there are no frictions. Investors determine stock prices on the basis of expected cash flows to be received from a stock and the risk involved. Rational investors should use all the information they have available or can reasonably obtain, including both known information and beliefs about the future. In an efficientRead MoreStudy of Seasonality in the Indian Stock Market21577 Words   |  87 PagesTESTING SEASONALITY IN THE INDIAN STOCK MARKET A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration Under the guidance of: Dr. S.K. Tuteja Submitted by: Sachin Garg F-045, MBA(FT) 2011-13 Faculty of Management Studies University of Delhi Delhi – 110007 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project report titled â€Å"Testing Seasonality in the Indian Stock Market†, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsRead MoreThe Need for Accounting Standards3286 Words   |  14 PagesWhat would financial statements look like if there were no accounting standards?† Accounting standards are a set of principle that govern current accounting practice and are used as a reference to determine the appropriate treatment of complex transactions. Having financial statements in the same format allow them to be compared and in this essay we shall discuss how the accounting standards came about, and why it continues to exist until this very day, as the format of such practice has changedRead MoreCorporate Governance in Banking Sector of Bangladesh16146 Words   |  65 Pages Globalization of financial markets and fears of financial instability have brought the issue of the corporate governance into forefront of the policy discussions. In an increasingly deregulated policy environment, the big corporate failures have raised the need for implementing competent corporate governance practices. The recent financial crises in different countries have verified how the lack of good governance practices in the financial institutions can lead to a crisis in the system leavingRead MoreBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 Pagesinvestment types, the markets in which the securities trade and to investment companies. In this chapter the student is introduced to the general concept of investing, which is to forego consumption today so that future consumption can be preserved and hopefully increased in the future. Real assets are differentiated from financial assets, and the major categories of financial assets are defined. The risk/return tradeo ff, the concept of efficient markets and current trends in the markets are introducedRead MoreAgency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pages1 The Fundamental Agency Problem and Its Mitigation: Independence, Equity, and the Market for Corporate Control DAN R. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University MICHAELA. HITT Mays College of Business, Texas AM University S. TREVIS CERTO Mays College of Business, Texas AM University CATHERINE M. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Abstract A central tenet of agency theory is that there is potential for mischief when the interests of owners and

Themes in Things Fall Apart Free Essays

In Chinua Achebe’s acclaimed novel, Things Fall Apart, there are various themes which make up the complexity and richness of the story. Although it is a work of fiction, Achebe touches upon contemporary issues involving Africa and colonialism. Colonialism is defined as political control over another country. We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Things Fall Apart or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often this means exploiting its resources and tampering with the precious culture of the people. Post- colonial Africa is still trying to recover, by trying to adapt a mindset of what it truly means to be an African. Achebe explores these issues through his own African roots nd portrays what he believes is the true essence of African culture. One major theme of the novel is language. Language is the most effective and prominently used tool for communicating to other people. It is clear that speech is used in a different form depending on who is addressed. For example, when addressing an Igbo god or an ancestral spirit, one uses a formal tone of speech. This is to show a sign of respect. Similarly, when people of the tribe approach and speak to Okonkwo, they use a similar tone. They respect Okonkwo for his many feats including beating Amalinze the cat. For this reason, they reflect their feeling in their speech. A significant speech barrier occurred between the Christian Missionaires. In order to communicate with the people they were required to use an interpretor. An interpretor does not always deliver the message precisely, causing severe lines of miscommunication. Eventually, these unclear communication lines could lead to ignorance among the two peoples. Another form of communication in the tribe are the folktales and proverbs. This is the Igbo peoples way of communicating their values to the younger generations. Language plays a very important role in their society, and the loss of their language is a tremendous loss of their culture. Another important theme in the novel is the theme of gender. Gender roles are central to Igbo society. To understand Igbo worldview it is essential to understand the cultural gender roles. Even the crops are separated by male and female; in example, the yam is said to be a male crop. Males are expected to be masculine in every sense of the word. They should be physically strong and equally as violent. They are not to show emotion because that is considered a sign of weakness. For instance, Okonkwo rarely shows affection towards his children because that would be a weak sign of emotion. Due to this fact, men in the Igbo culture are assigned the role of warriors and hunters. The men do all of the hard labor and interact largely within the public sphere. On the other hand, women are viewed as weak because they do not physically compare to men. In a similar way, woman display emotions which supposedly diminishes their strength. However, women dominate the private sphere. Their role is to raise the family, clean the home, cook, etc. It is a bit ironic that the mportant Job of raising the children is given to the â€Å"weaker† sex; Achebe touches upon this fact. The character of Okonkwo takes the idealology of masculinity too far. He suffers from patrophobia because he does not want to be like his father who was lazy and weak. For this reason he is cold towards his children and eventually kills his adoptive son Nwoye. Achebe makes it clear that these actions are not acceptable within the community. There must always be a balance between feminine and Additionally, the theme of religion is one prominently discussed within the novel. The Igbo people have a religion that is based upon the earth. Their entire culture revolves around agriculture and the mystery of nature and the seasons; therefore, they worship gods and goddesses which will help them in this dominating aspect of their lives. The people are fearful that if they commit a sin against their god that they will be punished by way of crop elimination or natural disaster. Also, considering the central role of family, ancestral spirits are extremely important to the Igbo people. It is imperative that the people do not forget their ancestors, for they believe that if they give thanks to them, then they in spirit will reward them in return. The ancestral spirits are respected to the point that Judges in trials (masked elders) represent the ancestors who were wise and Just in decision making. During colonialism, Christian missionaries pushed the idea of a singular monolithic God. This idea was very foreign to the people and seemed irrevelvent to Igbo lifestyle. Some Igbo people accepted this new idea, however others remained firm in their beliefs. This shows the Igbo peoples open-mindedness when it comes to the spiritual world. To demean their spiritual nature would be to degrade their culture. How to cite Themes in Things Fall Apart, Papers

Film Overview Citizen Kane Essay Example For Students

Film Overview Citizen Kane Essay The film Citizen Kane is the story of Charles Foster Kane and told using flashbacks from his life and using more that one narrator. Orson Welles directs and also plays the role of the principal character in this movie. It was first shown to the public in 1941. As the movie goes on each one of the narrators gives a different opinion on Kane, some positive and others negative. At the beginning of the movie it does not make a lot of sense but as more stories and narrators opinions about him are added the story starts to build up. At some times the stories told are confusing and out of sequence so the flashbacks don’t follow a time sequence and trend to overlap into each other. One important thing used during the filming and edition of this movie was the technique used, deep focus or also known as the wipe technique, is used when an scene is recorded in a low angle shot and there is not a specific point of focus, you can see what people is doing in the background and in most of the scenes it goes with the plot. The lighting technique used is really important because many shadows and bright whites were visible giving the audience a better visualization of the scenes. While I was watching the movie I found out that what Kane was trying to do will all of the flashbacks and stories told was to remember his young years and know what other think about him, specially close people that worked with him at some point in their lives. He was a person that had a lot of money so he actually buys happiness and love, one clear example of this is his relationship with his second wife, Susan, he gives her everything what she wants but at the end she tell him that he thinks that with a bracelet he will give her happiness and he thinks that that is all what she wants, but actually that’s not true, he is trying to buy her affection to him. One reason that makes Kane be how he is I think is the fact that he had to be separated from his parents when he was just a kid, and he never had that parents love everyone need in their lives. This makes him who he is, a person that can?t have a stable relation with anyone if he don’t put money and gifts in between. I can see that in the movie before a flashback there is some narrators that say that money don’t buy happiness and that’s true. Motifs are something really important in my point of view in this movie; two of the most important are materialism and isolation. These two motifs are found in the principal characters. As we can see materialism plays a huge role in the movie as I explained before, Kane buys everyone’s affection with gifts or just by giving them money. In the movie is mentioned that Kane had a huge collection of sculptures, when he went to his trip overseas for example, he was always sending more and more sculptures, and at some point there was no space in the offices that people cant even walk through them. Another clear example of materialism is that he builds the opera house just for his wife to sing in her own place, also when he lives in a real palace because it was Susan?s dream. Through materialism what Kane is trying to do is to fill the empty spaces his childhood left him, he has a lot of money but at some point he don’t know what to do with it, he didn’t care if he loses $1 million per year in his newspaper, or if he buys the same statue twice, or simply have a lot of the things he buy in a room without even taking out the package. Isolation is represented in almost all the movie, since the beginning to the end, starting with Charles playing by his own out in the snow the day that Mr. .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f , .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .postImageUrl , .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f , .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:hover , .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:visited , .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:active { border:0!important; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:active , .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6844370695bbb01f2ba0055ac66d637f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Reality Television Controversy EssayTatches took him until the end when he is left alone in the palace. This isolation is visible in all the movie, he didn’t was that type of man who go and go out with other people, or couple trips, he preferred to stay alone in his house or in the office. There is a scene in the movie when Susan tell Kane to take her to New York, that she wants to hang out and have fun and get out of the place they lived, and Kane tell her that no, that this is what she wanted so now she will stay there. Also when Kane tell here about the camping night with the other couples, Susan says something like are you sure you want to go, and you will make people go that far to just go and sleep in tents even if they have a confortable bed at their houses, and Kane just answered we are going. This is a proof of the motif, because it shows that Kane don’t like to be around people, he likes to be isolated like always. In conclusion the movie Citizen Kane shows us the life of Charles Foster Kane narrated by different persons that got to know him personally and spend time together, this helped us to understand the true nature of the main character, why he acts the way he does and all this get together with the motifs present in this movie, materialism and isolation, this two and the narration of the other characters helped us built and understand Kane, why he is like that and the most important have a clearer final message of the movie.